Temperature 

Control

Charging 

environment 

temperature:

 5℃ - 40℃ 

(optimal 15℃ - 30℃)

Charging 

environment

 temperature:

 0℃ - 40℃ 

(optimal 10℃ - 30℃)

1.Install a thermometer for real - time monitoring

and pause charging immediately

if the temperature exceeds the threshold.

2. Use exhaust fans 

to cool down in high temperatures 

and pre - heating devices in low temperatures 

(avoid charging 

when the temperature is ＜ 5℃).

3. Keep the distance between the battery 

and heat sources 

(such as radiators, 

engines) ≥ 1m

Temperature ＞ 45℃: 

Triggers BMS over - temperature protection (BMS002) and accelerates cell aging.

Temperature ＜ 0℃:

 Lithium - ion batteries cannot be equalized, 

and lead - acid batteries are prone to crystallization and sulfation.

Ventilation 

Conditions

Natural 

ventilation:

 Air change rate 

≥ 3 times / hour.

Forced ventilation:

 Air speed ≥ 0.3m/s

Natural 

ventilation:

 Air change rate 

≥ 5 times / hour.

Forced ventilation: 

Air speed ≥ 0.5m/s

1.Open doors and windows to ensure air circulation.

2. Install exhaust fans / ventilation ducts 

in enclosed spaces 

(such as basements, 

cold storage).

3. The charging area for lead - acid batteries should 

be far away from densely populated areas.

Poor ventilation: 

Heat dissipation 

of lithium - ion batteries is blocked,

 and hydrogen gas accumulates in lead - acid batteries 

(there is an explosion risk 

when the concentration ＞ 4%).

Humidity 

Control

Relative

 humidity:

 40% - 80% 

(no condensation)

Relative humidity:

 30% - 85%

 (no condensation)

1.Use a hygrometer for monitoring

and close the doors

and windows on the humid side

on rainy days.

2. Lay anti - slip mats on the ground 

to avoid water accumulation.

3. Apply anti - rust agent 

to battery terminals

 (in humid environments).

Humidity ＞ 85%: 

Causes short circuits, 

terminal oxidation,

 and triggers communication faults (BMS004).

Condensed water: 

Damages the battery BMS module.

Site 

Safety

1.The ground should be

level

(slope ≤ 3°)

with no sharp debris.

2. Keep a distance of 

≥ 1m from

 flammable materials

 (such as gasoline, 

cartons).

3. Do not place metal tools 

on top of 

the battery.

4. Equip with dry 

powder fire extinguishers 

(Class ABC) 

with a distance ≤ 5m.

1.The ground should be level

(slope ≤ 3°)

and corrosion - resistant 

(to prevent 

electrolyte leakage).

2. Keep a distance 

of ≥ 5m from fire 

sources and sparks 

(such as welding machines, 

smoking areas).

3. Set up an 

electrolyte leakage tray 

(volume ≥ 1.2 times 

the battery capacity).

4. Equip with dry powder 

fire extinguishers 

(Class ABC)

 with a distance ≤ 3m.

1.Clean up debris

in the charging area,

define an exclusive charging area 

(and paste warning signs).

2. Treat the ground 

in the lead - acid battery 

area with anti - corrosion measures 

(such as laying acid - resistant floor tiles).

3. Prohibit welding, 

grinding, 

and other operations that generate sparks 

in the charging area.

Substandard site conditions:

 Easily lead to battery 

tipping, 

short circuits,

 and fires.

No protection: 

Electrolyte leakage from 

lead - acid batteries 

corrodes equipment, 

and hydrogen gas explodes 

when exposed to sparks.

Power Supply 

Conditions

1.Input voltage

fluctuation ≤ ± 5%

(e.g.the fluctuation range

of 220V power supply is 

209V - 231V).

2. Grounding

 resistance ≤ 4Ω.

3. Independent circuit 

(do not share sockets

 with high - power 

equipment).

1.Input voltage

fluctuation ≤ ± 10%

(e.g., the 

fluctuation range 

of 220V 

power supply is 

198V - 242V).

2. Grounding 

resistance ≤ 4Ω.

3. Conductor cross - sectional

 area ≥ 2.5mm²

(to avoid overloading 

and heating).

1.Use a multimeter to detect the power supply voltage

and install a voltage stabilizer 

if the fluctuation

exceeds the standard.

2. Regularly check that plugs 

and sockets are free 

from looseness and oxidation.

3. Protect the charging circuit 

with pipes to avoid crushing.

Large voltage fluctuations:

 Equalizing charging fails 

(the voltage difference between

 individual cells cannot be eliminated).

Poor grounding: 

Risk of electric shock 

and damage 

to the charger and battery.

Lighting 

Conditions

Natural light 

or soft artificial lighting 

(brightness ≥ 200lux)

Natural light 

or soft artificial lighting 

(brightness ≥ 200lux)

1.Avoid direct sunlight

on the battery

(use a sunshade to block it).

2. Turn on explosion - proof lighting lamps 

in the lead - acid battery

 area during night charging.

Direct sunlight: 

Causes the battery temperature

 to rise sharply 

and accelerates aging.

Insufficient lighting:

 Operational errors 

(such as wrong wiring).

Temperature

 / Humidity

Lithium - ion batteries:

 5℃ - 40℃, 

40% - 80%.

Lead - acid batteries: 

0℃ - 40℃,

 30% - 85%.

If the temperature exceeds the standard:

 Cool down / pre - heat.

If the humidity exceeds the standard: 

Dehumidify / ventilate.

Ventilation

 Condition

Anemometer

 (optional)

Natural ventilation:

 No peculiar smell, 

good air circulation.

Forced ventilation:

 Air speed ≥ 0.3m/s 

(for lithium - ion batteries) 

/ 0.5m/s 

(for lead - acid batteries).

Poor ventilation:

 Turn on exhaust fans 

and extend the ventilation time.

Visual 

Inspection

No debris, 

no flammable materials,

 and fire extinguishers in place.

Clean up debris 

and replenish fire extinguishers.

Power Suppl

y Voltage

Fluctuation ≤ ± 5%

 (for lithium - ion batteries) 

/ ± 10% 

(for lead - acid batteries).

Install a voltage stabilizer 

or ｒｅｐｌａｃｅ the 

power circuit.

Grounding

 Condition

Grounding

 Resistance Tester

Re - ground and ｒｅｐｌａｃｅ

 the grounding electrode.